A cholesteatoma is an abnormal, noncancerous growth of skin cells. They commonly develop when the eardrum retracts inward creating a pocket which allows skin cells to accumulate in the middle ear. This can occur due to chronic eustachian tube dysfunction, repeated ear infections, or chronic negative middle ear pressure.
Common symptoms include, persistent or recurrent ear drainage, recurrent ear infection, hearing loss and pressure or a fullness feeling in the ear.
As a cholesteatoma grows, it can erode the tiny bones of the middle ear responsible for transmitting sound. If left untreated, it may damage surrounding structures and lead to more serious complications, including facial nerve injury or inner ear problems.
Surgery is typically necessary to remove a cholesteatoma and prevent further damage. In some cases, reconstruction of the middle ear bones may also help improve hearing. Cholesteatomas can recur, therefore ongoing follow-up is important.
Early identification and appropriate management are essential to help protect hearing and prevent complications. Persistent ear drainage, recurring infections, or unexplained hearing changes should never be ignored. Early evaluation can make an important difference in long-term ear health.